ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o ka polyurethane [PU] mai ka makahiki 1937 e Otto Bayer a me kāna mau hoa hana ma nā hale hana o IG Farben ma Leverkusen, Kelemānia.ʻO nā hana mua i kālele ʻia i nā huahana PU i loaʻa mai ka aliphatic diisocyanate a me ka diamine e hana ana i ka polyurea, a hiki i ka hoʻokō ʻia ʻana o nā waiwai hoihoi o PU i loaʻa mai kahi aliphatic diisocyanate a me glycol.Ua lilo ka Polyisocyanates i mea kūʻai aku i ka makahiki 1952, ma hope koke iho o ka ʻike ʻia ʻana o ka hana pākēneka o PU (ma hope o ke Kaua Honua II) mai toluene diisocyanate (TDI) a me polyester polyols.I nā makahiki i hala (1952-1954), ua hoʻomohala ʻia nā ʻōnaehana polyester-polyisocyanate e Bayer.
Ua hoʻololi mālie ʻia nā polyester polyols e nā polyether polyols ma muli o ko lākou mau pono e like me ke kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa, ka maʻalahi o ka lawelawe ʻana, a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ke kūpaʻa hydrolytic ma mua o ka mua.ʻO ka Poly(tetramethylene ether) glycol (PTMG), ua hoʻokomo ʻia e DuPont i ka makahiki 1956 ma o ka polymerizing tetrahydrofuran, ʻo ia ka polyether polyol mua loa i kūʻai ʻia.Ma hope mai, i ka makahiki 1957, ua hana ʻo BASF a me Dow Chemical i nā polyalkylene glycols.Ma muli o ka PTMG a me ka 4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI), a me ka ethylene diamine, ua hana ʻia kahi fiber Spandex i kapa ʻia ʻo Lycra e Dupont.Me nā makahiki he mau makahiki, ua puka ʻo PU mai nā ʻūhā PU maʻalahi (1960) i nā pua PU paʻa (polyisocyanurate foams-1967) i ka loaʻa ʻana o kekahi mau mea puhi, polyether polyols, a me polymeric isocyanate e like me ka poly methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (PMDI).Ua hōʻike kēia mau puʻupuʻu PU e pili ana i ka PMDI i ke kūpaʻa wela maikaʻi a me ka pale ahi.
I ka makahiki 1969, ua hoʻokomo ʻia ka ʻenehana PU Reaction Injection Molding [PU RIM] i holomua hou i loko o Reinforced Reaction Injection Molding [RRIM] e hana ana i nā mea PU hana kiʻekiʻe i ka makahiki 1983 i hāʻawi mai ai i ke kaʻa kino plastik mua ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa.I ka makahiki 1990, ma muli o ka piʻi ʻana o ka ʻike e pili ana i ka pōʻino o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka chloro-alkanes ma ke ʻano he mea puhi ʻana (Montreal protocol, 1987), ua hoʻopuka ʻia kekahi mau mea puhi ʻē aʻe i ka mākeke (e laʻa, carbon dioxide, pentane, 1,1,1,2- tetrafluoroethane, 1,1,1,3,3- pentafluoropropane).I ka manawa like, ua komo ka ʻenehana hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka puʻupuʻu ʻelua pu, PU polyurea i ka foreplay, kahi i loaʻa ai nā pōmaikaʻi nui o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻole me ka wikiwiki.A laila ua ulu ka hoʻolālā o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā polyols e pili ana i ka aila ʻaila no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka PU.I kēia lā, ua hele lōʻihi ka honua o PU mai nā PU hybrids, PU composites, non-isocyanate PU, me nā noi maʻamau i nā ʻano like ʻole.Ua ala mai ka hoihoi i ka PU ma muli o kā lākou synthesis maʻalahi a me ka protocol noi, maʻalahi (kakaikahi) nā mea hoʻohālikelike kumu a me nā waiwai maikaʻi o ka huahana hope.Hāʻawi nā ʻāpana hana i kahi wehewehe pōkole o nā mea maka i koi ʻia i ka synthesis PU a me ka kemika maʻamau e pili ana i ka hana ʻana o PU.
Hōʻike: Ua ʻōlelo ʻia ka ʻatikala © 2012 Sharmin a me Zafar, ka mea laikini InTech.No ka kamaʻilio a me ke aʻo ʻana, mai hana i nā kumu pāʻoihana ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole ia e hōʻike i nā manaʻo a me nā manaʻo o ka hui, inā pono ʻoe e paʻi hou, e ʻoluʻolu e kelepona i ka mea kākau kumu, inā he hewa, e ʻoluʻolu e kelepona koke iā mākou e hana i ka hana holoi.